Meccanismi Differenziali tra Emicrania e Cefalea Tensiva

Cefalea Tensiva: Clinica  e ;Meccanismo

Tension-type headache
Caratteristiche Cliniche

  1. Almeno 10 episodi   meno di 180 giorni all’anno  e di 15 al mese
  2. Cefalea che dura da 30 min a 7 giorni
  3. Le seguenti caratteristiche:
    1. Dolore Compressivo, mai di qualità pulsante
    2. Severità da media a moderata: cioè non proibitiva rispetto ad alcuna attivitò
    3. Localizzazione non unilaterale
    4. Nessun incremento del dolore per azioni fisiche come scuotere la testa, camminare, salire le scale o attività similari
  4. Devon comparire inoltre:
    1. Assenza di nausea
    2. Può esser presente solo uno dei due tratti  a seguito descritti:  fastidio alla luce o fastidio ai rumori
    3. Inoltre tale forma risponde ai barbiturici ed agli oppioidi che perà espongono a cronicizzazione

I meccanismi della cefalea tensiva differiscono da quelli dell’emicrania. Questa è la ragione fondamentale per adire alla spiegazione di terapie sia in acuto , che di fondo assolutamente differenziate per le due forme menzionate. Per molto tempo si è pensato necessario un coinvolgimento dei muscoli o l’intervento di fattori di tensione psichica. Ad oggi vi son dati che mettono in luce il ruolo della tachichinina CGRP come anche di fenomeni di sensibilizzazione centrale , a livello quindi del Sistema Nervoso centrale con pertinenmza alle vie di trasmissione del segnale sensitivo/algogeno
E’ quindi, questo tipo di cefalea, all’origine di molta discussione. E’ in effetti dibattuta quale entità e di questo si ha chiara immagine quando si va ad appurare che, col variare degli investigatori, la prevalenza di questa patologia può variare da circa il 20% al 70% della popolazione. Taqle alta variabiòlità sembra indice di un difetto nel sistema convalidato per la diagnodsi piuttosto che una variabilità da nazione a nazione. E’ comunque un dato disomogeneo che indica la necessità di chiara individuazione di una patologia che potrebbe esser valutata erroneamente.

Contributi dei membri afferenti alla Fondazione
– Sicuteri F, Nicolodi M. Visceral and somatic profiles of needless pain and nonpainful sensations in idiopathic headache. Clin. J. of Pain 7 (1): 38-43, 1991
– Nicolodi M, Volpe AR, Del Bianco PL, Sicuteri F. Inheritable and acquired hyperalgesia associated to abnormal opioid receptor set-up seem to act as opiate addiction prevetors, Int. J. Clin Pharmacol Res., XVII (2/3): 85-88, 1997

Dall’estero

Multiple Clinical and Paraclinical Analyses of Chronic Tension-Type Headache Associated or Unassociated With Disorder of Pericranial Muscles
1. Jean Schoenen,
2. Pascale Gerard,
3. Victor De Pasqua and
4. Jeannette Sianard-Gainko
+ Author Affiliations
1. Jean Schoenen, Pascale Gerard, Victor De Pasqua, Jeannette Sianard-Gianko, University Department of Neurology, Headache Unit, CHR Citadelle, Liege, Belgium;
1. Jean Schoenen
Abstract
Thirty-two female patients fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of chronic tension-type headache underwent multiple clinical (severity index before and after biofeedback therapy; anxiety score) and paraclinical (pericranial EMG levels and pressure-pain thresholds, temporalis exteroceptive silent period) assessments. Twenty-three patients (72%) had at least one increased EMG level and/or at least one decreased pain threshold and qualified for the subgroup “associated with disorder of pericranial muscles” (code 2.2.1). Nine patients (28%) were within the normal range for both investigations and would have been classified in the subgroup “unassociated with such disorder” (code 2.2.2). No significant differences were found between these two groups of patients for headache severity, anxiety, response to biofeedback therapy or duration of temporalis second exteroceptive silent period. The various clinical and paraclinical parameters were not significantly correlated to each other. It is therefore suggested that the subdivision of chronic tension-type headache in two subgroups based on pericranial EMG levels and/or pain sensitivity might be artificial. Since both of the latter and temporalis silent periods vary independently, they appear complementary in the study of tension-type headache patients and probably represent peripheral abnormalities, which are induced to varying intensities by a common central nervous system dysfunction

Analgesics combined with butalbital or opiates are often useful for tension-type pain but have an increased risk of causing chronic daily headache. Amitriptyline is the most widely researched prophylactic agent for frequent headaches. No large trials with rigorous methodologies have been conducted for most non-medication therapies. Among the commonly employed modalities are biofeedback, relaxation training, self-hypnosis, and cognitive therapy.
Tension-type headache, formerly called tension headache or muscle contraction headache, is a common condition usually self-treated with over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics

Cephalalgia Vol 19 Issue 6

Pathophysiological mechanisms of tension-type headache: a review of epidemiological and experimental studies

R Jensen*

Article first published online: 31 JUL 2009

DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-2982.1999.0190066

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